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SS-31

A mitochondria-targeted peptide in clinical trials for heart failure and mitochondrial diseases.

EmergingModerate Data

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This information is for educational purposes. Peptide therapy should be guided by a licensed healthcare provider. Connect with a Noho clinician

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that specifically targets and concentrates in mitochondrial inner membranes. It is in advanced clinical trials for heart failure and primary mitochondrial myopathy. It represents one of the most clinically advanced mitochondria-targeted therapies.

Why People Talk About It

Mitochondrial function support

Emerging

Heart failure (clinical trials)

Emerging

Cellular energy optimization

Preliminary

Anti-aging at the mitochondrial level

Preliminary

How It Works

SS-31 concentrates in the powerhouses of your cells (mitochondria) and helps stabilize the structures that produce cellular energy. By improving mitochondrial efficiency, it may support heart function, exercise capacity, and cellular health.

Common Questions

Safety Information

Important Safety Notes

Common Side Effects

Injection site reactionsReported to be generally well-tolerated in clinical trials

Cautions

  • Still in clinical development
  • Not yet FDA-approved
  • Available only through clinical trials or compounding

What We Don't Know

Long-term effects and optimal use parameters are still being established through ongoing clinical trials.

Published Research

32 studies

Effect of Aficamten on Health Status Outcomes in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Results From SEQUOIA-HCM

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 39217569

Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 38602181

Genotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 39574155

Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Subjects with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Trial

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 37923251

Identifying responders to elamipretide in Barth syndrome: Hierarchical clustering for time series data

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 37041653

A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 33077895

In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 34264994

A randomized crossover trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 32096613

Effects of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The PROGRESS-HF Phase 2 Trial

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 32068002

The mitochondria-targeting peptide elamipretide diminishes circulating HtrA2 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 28534645

Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 29500292

Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 29217757

Phase 2a Clinical Trial of Mitochondrial Protection (Elamipretide) During Stent Revascularization in Patients With Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 28916603

Effects of Single Vs. Multiple Sets during 10 Weeks of Water-based Resistance Training on Neuromuscular Adaptations in Young Women

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 27286183

Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of a new 30 mg modified-release tablet formulation of metoclopramide for once-a-day administration versus 10 mg immediate-release tablets: a single and multiple-dose, randomized, open-label, parallel study in healthy male subjects

Randomized Controlled TrialPMID: 22328192

Natural history comparison study to assess the efficacy of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome

Phase III Clinical TrialPMID: 36056411

Potent mitochondria-targeted peptides reduce myocardial infarction in rats

Clinical TrialPMID: 17429296

Antibodies to pancreatic duct cells in Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis

Clinical TrialPMID: 405283

Reduction of early reperfusion injury with the mitochondria-targeting peptide bendavia

Comparative StudyPMID: 24288396

Elamipretide: First Approval

ReviewPMID: 41335372

Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential

ReviewPMID: 39940712

Contemporary insights into elamipretide's mitochondrial mechanism of action and therapeutic effects

ReviewPMID: 40294492

Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction

ReviewPMID: 38237649

Temporal evolution of the heart failure phenotype in Barth syndrome and treatment with elamipretide

ReviewPMID: 37325898

SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease

ReviewPMID: 35707274

Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with elamipretide

ReviewPMID: 35037146

Elamipretide for Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy: gradual rebuilding of a failed power grid

ReviewPMID: 34623544

Mitochondrial dysfunction and beneficial effects of mitochondria-targeted small peptide SS-31 in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease

ReviewPMID: 34302976

Neuroprotective Effects of a Small Mitochondrially-Targeted Tetrapeptide Elamipretide in Neurodegeneration

ReviewPMID: 35111001

Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial

Randomized Clinical TrialPMID: 37268435

Treatment with the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant peptide SS-31 rescues neurovascular coupling responses and cerebrovascular endothelial function and improves cognition in aged mice

PreclinicalPMID: 29405550

Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice

PreclinicalPMID: 31747905

Always consult a qualified clinician

This information is for educational purposes. Peptide therapy should be guided by a licensed healthcare provider. Connect with a Noho clinician

Research Insights

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Quick Facts

Class
Mitochondrial Peptide
Evidence
Emerging
Safety
Moderate Data
Updated
Feb 2026
Citations
32PubMed

Also known as

ElamipretideBendaviaMTP-131

Tags

MitochondrialHeart HealthLongevityClinical Trials

Evidence Score

Overall Confidence50%

Clinical Trials

View Clinical Trials

Links to ClinicalTrials.gov for reference. Listing does not imply endorsement.

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